Greetings, young researchers! I am Professor Spark, and I travel the world to study amazing places and crazy weather. From the rainy streets of London to the hot deserts of Egypt, every country has its own secrets.
But wait! To travel safely and tell others about your discoveries, you need two things: a map and the right words.
In English, words are like building blocks. If you put them in the wrong order, your tent might collapse in a storm! Also, when you visit new places, there are rules you have to follow and things you should do to stay safe.
Are you ready to pack your bags and learn how to talk like a real global explorer? Let’s start our first mission!
But wait! To travel safely and tell others about your discoveries, you need two things: a map and the right words.
In English, words are like building blocks. If you put them in the wrong order, your tent might collapse in a storm! Also, when you visit new places, there are rules you have to follow and things you should do to stay safe.
Are you ready to pack your bags and learn how to talk like a real global explorer? Let’s start our first mission!
The Explorer's Rules (Modal Verbs)
Pirms sākam runāt par modālajiem darbības vārdiem, atkārto ko Tu jau zini par tiem no iepriekš mācītā: Should, Shouldn't; Must, Mustn't, Have to; Can, Can't, Could, May, Might.
Welcome to my laboratory, explorers! Look at my giant map. Today we are planning a trip to two completely different places: the rainy Stonehenge in the UK and the hot Sahara Desert in Africa.
When you travel, you cannot just do whatever you want. Different places have different rules, and you also need good advice to stay safe. To express this in English, we use Modal Verbs. They are our navigation tools!
When you travel, you cannot just do whatever you want. Different places have different rules, and you also need good advice to stay safe. To express this in English, we use Modal Verbs. They are our navigation tools!
1. Laws of the Jungle (Have to / Don't have to)
Vispirms parunāsim par likumiem un absolūtu nepieciešamību. Tās ir obligātas lietas apgalvojuma teikumos jeb lietas, kas vispār nav nepieciešamas nolieguma teikumos.
- have to / has to — tas ir 100% nepieciešams, tas ir noteikums vai likums;
- don't have to / doesn't have to — tas NAV nepieciešams; Tu vari to darīt, ja vēlies, bet Tev tas nav jādara.
Piemērs:
When you visit Stonehenge, you have to buy a ticket. (It's the rule!) — Apmeklējot Stounhendžu, ir jāiegādājas biļete.
The Sahara Desert is very hot, so a traveller has to drink a lot of water. (It's very important.) — Sahāras tuksnesī ir ļoti karsts, tāpēc ceļotājam ir jādzer daudz ūdens.
Good news! You don't have to pay to look at the sky anywhere in the world. (It's free!) — Labas ziņas! Jums nav jāmaksā, lai skatītos debesīs jebkurā vietā pasaulē.
My assistant, Tim, is already in Egypt. It is a very dry country, so he doesn't have to pack a raincoat. (There is no rain in desert.) — Mans asistents Tims jau ir Ēģiptē. Tā ir ļoti sausa valsts, tāpēc viņam nav jāņem līdzi lietusmētelis.
The Sahara Desert is very hot, so a traveller has to drink a lot of water. (It's very important.) — Sahāras tuksnesī ir ļoti karsts, tāpēc ceļotājam ir jādzer daudz ūdens.
Good news! You don't have to pay to look at the sky anywhere in the world. (It's free!) — Labas ziņas! Jums nav jāmaksā, lai skatītos debesīs jebkurā vietā pasaulē.
My assistant, Tim, is already in Egypt. It is a very dry country, so he doesn't have to pack a raincoat. (There is no rain in desert.) — Mans asistents Tims jau ir Ēģiptē. Tā ir ļoti sausa valsts, tāpēc viņam nav jāņem līdzi lietusmētelis.
2. Friendly Advice (Should / Shouldn't)
Ja nav stingra likuma, bet ir vēlme sniegt draudzīgu padomu, tad lieto Should (vajadzētu) vai Shouldn't (nevajadzētu):
- Should — It is a good idea.
- Shouldn't — It is a bad idea.
Piemērs:
The weather in the UK changes very fast. You should always carry a raincoat. (It's a smart idea!) — Laikapstākļi Apvienotajā Karalistē mainās ļoti ātri. Vienmēr vajadzētu nēsāt līdzi lietusmēteli.
You should take a camera to Egypt because the Pyramids are beautiful. — Uz Ēģipti vajadzētu ņemt līdzi fotoaparātu, jo piramīdas ir skaistas.
You shouldn't walk in the desert without a hat. The sun is dangerous! (It's a bad idea!) — Tev nevajadzētu staigāt tuksnesī bez cepures. Saule ir bīstama!
You shouldn't wear heavy boots on a hot summer beach. — Karstā vasaras pludmalē nevajadzētu valkāt smagus zābakus.
You should take a camera to Egypt because the Pyramids are beautiful. — Uz Ēģipti vajadzētu ņemt līdzi fotoaparātu, jo piramīdas ir skaistas.
You shouldn't walk in the desert without a hat. The sun is dangerous! (It's a bad idea!) — Tev nevajadzētu staigāt tuksnesī bez cepures. Saule ir bīstama!
You shouldn't wear heavy boots on a hot summer beach. — Karstā vasaras pludmalē nevajadzētu valkāt smagus zābakus.
3. Professor Spark's Grammar Machine
Ieskaties uzmanīgi kā tiek veidoti teikumi ar šiem modālajiem darbībs vārdiem! Modālais darbības vārds vienmēr stāv pirms galvenās darbības.
Piemērs:
Explorers (kas?) have to (mod.d.v.) wear (darbība) comfortable shoes. — Pētniekiem jāvalkā ērti apavi.
You (kas?) should (mod.d.v.) check (darbība) the weather forecast. — Tev vajadzētu pārbaudīt laikaziņas.
He (kas?) shouldn't (mod.d.v.) forget (darbība) his passport. — Viņam nevajadzētu aizmirst savu pasi.
The Sentence Laboratory (Word Order)
Today in my lab, we are talking about construction. No, we are not building a new Sphinx in Egypt – we are building English sentences!
In Latvian, you can mix words like a salad ("Šodien līst Londonā" vai "Londonā šodien līst"). But English is like a sensitive scientific instrument. Every word has its own exact seat. If you put them in the wrong place, the machine stops working!
In Latvian, you can mix words like a salad ("Šodien līst Londonā" vai "Londonā šodien līst"). But English is like a sensitive scientific instrument. Every word has its own exact seat. If you put them in the wrong place, the machine stops working!
The Golden Formula
Veidojot teikumus angļu valodā, ir jāievēro ļoti konkrēta vārdu kārtība, kas parasti nepārkāpj robežas:
Who / What + Action + Where + When
Kas?/Kas notiek? + Ko dara? + Ko?/Kur? + Kad?
Kas?/Kas notiek? + Ko dara? + Ko?/Kur? + Kad?
Piemērs:
Heavy rain (Kas?) fell (Ko darīja?) in Rome (Kur?) yesterday (Kad?). — Vakar Romā nolija spēcīgs lietus.
Many tourists (Kas?) visit (Ko dara?) the Colosseum (Ko?) every summer (Kad?). — Katru vasaru daudzi tūristi apmeklē Kolezeju.
Atceries par iepriekšējā tēmā mācīto bezpersonisko vietniekvārdu IT!
- It is cloudy in London today.
- It was very hot in Paris last week.
Nekad nedrīkst sākt teikumu ar laiku (Kad?) vai ar laikapstākļa vārdu!
NEPAREIZI: Today is sunny in Spain.
PAREIZI: It is sunny in Spain today.
Kur likt modālos darbības vārdus? Tie ir kā degviela dzinējam un vienmēr nostājas pirms paša darbībs vārda.
Tourists [Who] + should wear [Action] + hats [What] + in the desert [Where].
We [Who] + don't have to pack [Action] + winter coats [What] + for our trip to Greece [Where].
The Sentence Connectors (and, but, because, so)
You know the rules and you know how to build a single sentence. But a real scientist doesn't just speak in short, robotic sentences like: 'London is rainy. London is foggy.' That sounds boring!
To compare different countries and their weather, we need Sentence Connectors (saikļus). They are like the super-glue in my laboratory that connects two short ideas into one big, beautiful discovery!
To compare different countries and their weather, we need Sentence Connectors (saikļus). They are like the super-glue in my laboratory that connects two short ideas into one big, beautiful discovery!
1. AND (un) – The Matchmaker (savienotājs)
Mēs lietojam "and", lai savienotu divas līdzīgas vai pozitīvas idejas. Tas vienkārši pievieno vairāk informācijas.
Piemērs:
The climate in Brazil is very hot, and it is often tropical. — Brazīlijas klimats ir ļoti karsts un bieži tropisks.
You should visit the Eiffel Tower in Paris, and you should see the Louvre Museum. — Tev vajadzētu apmeklēt Eifeļa torni Parīzē un Luvras muzeju.
2. BUT (bet) – The Contraster (pretnostatītājs)
Mēs lietojam "but", lai parādītu atšķirību vai kontrastu starp divām lietām.
Piemērs:
It is winter in Latvia right now, but it is summer in Australia. — Šobrīd Latvijā ir ziema, bet Austrālijā ir vasara.
The Sahara Desert is beautiful, but you shouldn't travel there without a map. — Sahāras tuksnesis ir skaists, bet bez kartes tur nevajadzētu ceļot.
3. BECAUSE (jo/tāpēc ka) – The Detective (detektīvs)
"Because" ir detektīvs, jo tas vienmēr atbild uz jautājumu: Kāpēc? Tas izskaidro kaut kā iemeslu.
Piemērs:
Iceland is called the 'Land of Ice' because it has giant glaciers. — Islandi sauc par "Ledus zemi", jo tajā ir milzu ledāji.
Tourists have to wear warm coats in Scotland because the wind is freezing. — Tūristiem Skotijā jāvelk silti mēteļi, jo vējš ir stindzinošs.
4. SO (tāpēc/tādēļ) – The Result (rezultāts, seka)
Mēs lietojam "so", lai parādītu kaut kā rezultātu vai sekas.
Piemērs:
The Amazon rainforest is very wet, so you have to pack waterproof boots. — Amazones lietus meži ir ļoti mitri, tāpēc līdzi jāņem ūdensnecaurlaidīgi zābaki.
It is sunny and warm in Spain today, so Tim is swimming in the sea. — Spānijā šodien ir saulains un silts laiks, tāpēc Tims peldas jūrā.
5. Komatu lietojums
Latviešu valodā saliktos teikumos pirms visiem šiem saikļiem jālieto komats, bet angļu valodā nedaudz atšķiras lietojums – pirms saikļa "because" komatu nelieto.
Pirms saikļa "and", tāpat kā latviešu valodā, ir jāskatās, ko tas saista. Ja saiklis un saista divus vienlīdzīgus teikuma locekļus, tad saikli neliek, bet ja teikuma otrajā daļā ir savs teikuma priekšmets un izteicējs, tad saikli lieto.
Izlasi tekstu! Pievērs uzmanību kā saikļi un komati darbojas tekstā!
Iceland is very cold, but(1) Italy is warm and sunny. Many people travel to Italy because(2) they want to see ancient monuments, so(3) they have to book their tickets early. You should pack shorts for Italy, and(4) you should definitely pack a jacket for Iceland!
1. Saiklis BUT teikumā pretnostata auksto Islandi un saulaino Itāliju. Pirms saikļa jāliek komats.
2. Saiklis BECAUSE ievada palīgteikumu, kas atbild uz jautājumu KĀPĒC daudzi cilvēki ceļo uz Itāliju. Pirms saikļa nav jāliek komats.
3. Saiklis SO norāda uz sekām, ka biļetes jāiegādājas savlaicīgi. Pirms saikļa jāliek komats.
4. Saiklis AND papildina ieteikumu, kas ir jāņem līdzi ceļojot uz abām šīm vietām. Pirms saikļa jāliek komats.